II. This can often lead to conflicts, including those that arise on religious grounds. In other words it is a fair and full study of all religions" (Whaling, 2006, "Theory and methods in religious studies: Contemporary approaches to the . People often do truly unique things for their faith. In my opinion, the study of different approaches to the study and comprehension of religions is indeed an exciting and important topic. SSRC activities span more than 80 countries on 6 continents, Apply for research opportunities across the globe, Contributions fund research and scholarship worldwide. Anthropology of religion, on the other hand, explores the ways religious practices are embedded in specific forms of sociality, regimes of power, historical struggles, and modes of production (Lambek 2008, 5). Other religions are sourced in man's rebellion against God and/or demonic influence. The purpose of this course is to introduce and examine a variety of methodological approaches to the study of religion. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! One of the many reasons for this failure is that each discipline enlisted to study religion has its own distinctive methods and topics, and scholars often disagree about how to resolve the inevitable conflicts between these different intellectual perspectives. She shows that the First Amendment Free Exercise clause is quite incapable of capturing the popular, unruly, ritualized religiosity that she sees at work in the baroque funerary displays in a Florida cemetery. 2.Religious studies has a bigger scope because it analyzes the different world religions. Even this cursory summary of this first approach is, I hope, sufficient to convey the force and depth of the critique of religion. by Ccile Laborde February 5, 2014. Copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. She has published extensively in the areas of republicanism and toleration, theories of law and the state, and global justice. Although there is still no agreement on this issue, the frontier between traditional religions and modern political ideologies remains a promising topic of study. For this reason, let us examine the ideas of another pioneering anthropologist of religion, namely Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917). Box No. Another illustration of religious beliefs is the creation stories we find in different religions. Scholars do generally agree that the pursuit of objectivity is desirable, provided this stance does not involve the sacrifice of a sense of the inner aspect of religion. As the world's largest democracy, India . To ask that the law embrace and describe the whole of social reality would be to yearn for a totalitarian law. Sociologists use a variety of methods to analyze culture. We also study religion in order to learn more about how different aspects of human lifepolitics, science, literature, art, law, economicshave been and continue to be shaped by changing religious notions of, for example, good and evil, images of the deity and the divine, salvation and punishment, etc. The History of Religion as a Sociological Concept First, the practice of religion involves inner experiences and sentiments, such as feelings of God guiding the life of the devotee. Thus, the matter of coming to understand the inner side of a religion involves a dialectic between participant observation and dialogical (interpersonal) relationship with the adherents of the other faith. Religion may be defined as "any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power, whether that power be forces, gods, spirits, ghosts, or demons" (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019, 500). These theologians, through their works, systematically explain the main doctrines of their own respective religions. Furthermore, if theology studies a particular religion always from the inside, religious studies study different religions mostly from the outside. According to a number of scholars (often influenced by Foucauldian or post-colonial thought), the category of religion is deeply implicated in the history and practice of western statism and imperialism. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. Can we categorize all religions within Ninian Smart definitions? This includes such traditional points of departure as history, philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and sociology, but also the natural sciences, and such other approaches as feminist theory, discourse . The interrelations of the various disciplines in relation to religion as an area of . I do not think it is, although I cannot make the full case here. On the other hand, some view it as a way of purifying religion from the idolatry or worship of human-made objects. Intellectual historians and students of political thought study religious traditions as coherent, inter-generational, scholarly bodies of thoughtthe Islamic or the Christian or the Confucian tradition, for example. The other sense of the subjectivity of religion is properly a matter for theology and the philosophy of religion. Introduces students to the study of religion, world religious traditions and ethics through an exploration of death and dying. Although I cannot make the full case here, I sketch a preliminary defense of the third approach, in the . Discussion about religion has been complicated further by the attempt of some Christian theologians, notably Karl Barth (18861968), to draw a distinction between religion and the Gospel (the proclamation peculiar to Christianity). The works of both Sri Aurobindo and Ninian Smart shows two drastic and completely different approaches to religion. This is an important critique, which draws on what I have called the first (critical) and the second (anthropological) approach to religion. The book is a vast collection of rituals, myths, and religions organized by patterns and themes, which made extensive use of sources from primitive and folk cultures (Paden 2005, 213). There are two main reasons for this suspicion. The author will attempt to evaluate the strengths and weakness of two approaches to religion and try to compare the work of the two representations and their methodology .The first is Professor Ninian Smart as he wrote widely, regarding different topics in religions, with papers and articles appearing in a vast range of . Moreover, in the absence of a tight definition there will always be a number of disputed cases. The study of religion may thus come to have a reflexive effect on religion itself, such as the manner in which modern Christian theology has been profoundly affected by the whole question of the historicity of the New Testament. Some of these approaches focus on how to understand the beliefs and practices of particular religions, while some have more general concerns such as how religion relates to the nature of society, culture, human evolution, mind, and human behavior. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. Second, secular modernity is itself rooted in a distinctive Protestant anthropology, the ethos of which neatly maps onto a modern liberal subjectivity that encourages the individual to cultivate the autonomy and discipline required to relate to her beliefs and ends in the right way. Durkheim was more interested in the unifying effect of religion among members of a society. All work is written to order. Thus, some political ideologies, such as communism and fascism, have been regarded as analogous to religion. "Feminist Approaches." In Approaches to the Study of Religions, edited by Peter Connolly, pp. It can use either separately or in any combination the methods of history, sociology, Since becoming aware of our unconscious makes us a whole person (a fully realized Self), religion is thus seen by Jung as something positive (Merkur 2005, 177). Morgan, Sue. We also have Confucian, Taoist, and Shinto philosophies; instead of Confucian, Taoist, and Shinto theologies. In the Australian context, the interdisciplinary pedagogy that defines global studies is gaining wider acceptance as a coherent and necessary approach to the study of global change. But because they wanted to know who would eventually be saved and enter heaven, they thought that financial success was one good indicator. St. Augustine used this theory to resolve the philosophical question, If everything comes from God, where does evil come from? According to him, evil exists in the world but it does not come from God, for what only comes from God is good. Religion is a concept created by modern scholars and superimposed on a variety of different phenomena for a variety of motives. Even a commonly accepted definition of religion has proved difficult to establish, though not for lack of trying. From the belief in human souls grew the belief in other spirits, like those that inhabit nature and those venerated as gods. What may be the way forward in the teaching and definition of religion is to accept the singularity of each religion and each individuals faith and seek ways in which they can be accommodated within a safe international environment that moves away from empirical definitions. Three famous psychologists who examined and analyzed religious phenomena psychologically were William James, Sigmund Freud, and Carl Jung. Program design strategies. Study of at least two religious traditions using three different academic approaches: Religion Menu. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Social Science Research Council (Ninian Smart,pp10-12,Dimension of the sacred an anatomy of the worlds beliefs ,Harper Collins Publisher 1196) We see from Smarts classifactory account, Smarts perspective in sustaining a phenomenological perception to the methodology of approach to the study, is far different from the approach that Sri Aurobindo use. On the contrary, religion, as it is studied in the secular state university, is both a category and an aspect of human behavior that must be subjected to the same types of scrutiny as any other category of human behavior that one may study. Sociology studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them. The dominant sense in which the contemporary study of religion is understood is the descriptive sense. Sociology is one such approach that this essay will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx. The findings that focus on the scientific study of religion, including the SSSR and the SSR units within the AAR, are especially highlighted, as are contrasts between sociological and psychological approaches in the academic study of religion. Aquinas is famous for his five proofs for the existence of God: his arguments from causation, motion, necessity, design, and degrees of protection. The etymological meaning of the word theologybased on its Greek origin, namely theo, which means God, and logos which means discourse or study,is study of God. Theology, however, is not just limited to the study of the nature ofGod, for it also studies in a systematic way the main doctrines of a particular religion. This approach teaches that there is only one true religion and only one way of salvation. Transcribed image text: To address the following questions, consider the four approaches to religion described in the introduction to this module exclusivism, inclusivism, pluralism and empathetic interest in other people. Sensory experience. From this perspective, the egalitarian strategy of analogizing religion is a productive one: the law should not capture religion as such, but whatever dimensions of religion are normatively salient and suitable for legal protection. We can confirm that the method of study that Smart used in his approach comprehend both external and internal analysis of religion, characterized by phenomenological perspectives. These studies suggest the significance of religion in health communication and in our . Omissions? Human biomonitoring (HBM) approaches can provide inter alia information on the chemicals that are in our body at one point in time. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. They suggest that, even though historically the liberal state may have defined itself in relation to a problematic construal of religion, it has since broadened the scope of its moral concern, and is therefore less vulnerable to charges of ethnocentrism. These perspectives offer sociologists theoretical paradigms for explaining how society influences people, and vice versa. Like Muslim reformists' approach of reform, which attempted to reconstruct Islamic religious thought in the light of modern science and knowledge, Christian neo-orthodoxy insisted that Christianity itself needs continually to be rethought and that theology must engage seriously with the . One contribution of St. Augustine was his theory that evil is the absence of good (which he adopted from the view of the Greek philosopher Plotinus on the nature of light and darkness). The belief in the soul as something separate from the body though residing in the body resulted from dealing with certain biological questions such as those concerning the difference between a living body and a dead one; the causes of waking, sleep, trance, disease, and death; and the origin of dreams and visions involving human images. Which of these four approaches do you take in your everyday life, and why? But the historical process itself has to be investigated scientificallythat is, by considering the evidence, using the techniques of historical enquiry and other scientific methods. Manifestations of the sacred. Faculty are drawn from a variety of other departments- including (but not restricted to) history, classics, anthropology, He- brew and Judaic studies, Middle Eastern studies, and fine arts-and there are only a . Religious beliefs, in particular, are only one sub-set of a larger class, which political philosophers, following John Rawls, call conceptions of the good. On this view, a liberal state protects, not only freedom of religion, but more generally freedom of conscience; it disestablishes, not only dominant religion, but also any controversial conception of the good. And the best- known scholar of comparative religion of the last generation was Mircea Eliade (1907-1986), whose studies included the concepts of sacred space and mythic time, and the sacredness of nature (Paden 2005, 215). It does this by examining the dynamics of the constituent parts of societies such as institutions, communities, populations, and gender, racial, or age groups (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2013). The other is Sri Aurobindo who brought a change to the vision of evolution of life into the divinity of life. It is the logic of Natures process. J.F. 3.Theology requires its learners to have some degree of faith whereas religious studies does not . As we examine the different disciplinal approaches to the study of religion, we shall briefly touch on some of the external theories of religion. Looking for a flexible role? While for Marx religion isa creation of capitalism, for Weber it is the other way roundcapitalism is largely due to religion, more specifically, the Calvinist religion. The SSRC is an independent, international, nonprofit organization. There are religions, however, in which even worship rituals are not central. Tylor, in his work Primitive Culture (1871), claimed that the essence of religion or the minimum defining property of religion, is the belief in Spiritual Beings, which he called animism. Ascension 120. For a Christian, Christ is the only way of salvation and the Bible is the only source of saving revelation today. But objections have been brought against all these attempts, either because the rich variety of religions makes it easy to find counterexamples or because the element cited as central is in some religions peripheral. They argue, for example, that exemptions from general laws can be justified on the ground of conscience; and that what the state should not establish are conceptions of the good. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Briefly, the arguments from causation and motion claim that the series of causes and effects, and movements in the world, must begin with God being the first cause and mover; the argument from design claims that the intricate design of the world cannot be attributed to mere chance but only to God as the divine intelligence; the argument from necessity claims that there must be a God who is a necessary being (one who has always been existing) to explain how contingent beings (those that presently exist but previously did not) have come to exist; and the argument from degrees of perfection claims that there must be a God whose perfection serves as the standard for determining the degrees of qualities that we attribute to things (like that they are good or better). This course introduces students to the variety of academic approaches to the study of religion and to the procedures and sources used in writing academic papers in religious studies. 47. This is a legitimate perspective from the standpoint of faith. It may well be true that the boundaries between religion and other cognate concepts such as tradition, culture, ideology, faith, reason, and so forth are porous and fuzzy. It has emerged as the single most important means of communication for those interested in critical approaches to the study of religion. c.) the truth or falsity of religion. Learn about sociologists . First, the secular state defines what religion is; religion is privatized as a faith whose object is the supernatural, and differentiates it from the natural and the rational which are the jurisdiction of the state. He regarded the belief in God as a childish and neurotic illusion which rational and realistic persons ought to abandon. He also introduced a broad program and methodology of comparing religions, which included principles like gaining knowledge of others through their own writings, grouping religions according to their regional, linguistic contexts, and avoiding the common distortion of comparing the positive aspects of one religion with the negative aspects of another (Paden 2005, 212-213). The author as part of his degree course has studied these two vastly differing approaches. According to William Cavanaughs provocative thesis, the fact that Christianity is construed as a religion, whereas nationalism is not, ensures that the Christians public and lethal loyalty belongs to the nation-state. Psychology of religion is the application of the different psychological theories and methods to explain religious phenomena, which include the belief in God, religious experiences and behaviors, and spirituality. During his time, Marx observed that the capitalists, in their pursuit of profits, eventually exploited the workers. Is it possible to understand a faith without holding it? The Comparative Study of Religions World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery, Fourth Edition, considers one religion at a time, chapter by chapter. . First, different disciplines will have different answers to the question of what the concept of religion is for; and as a result they will work with different conceptions of religion. Its object is not personal, although is a necessary condition of the yoga. Hence, we also have Jewish theology (and Jewish theologians) and Islamic theology (and Islamic theologians). Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the spirit of a spiritless situation. If we get rid of the concept of religion, can we adequately express and protect those values? The growth of various disciplines in the 19th century, notably psychology and sociology, stimulated a more analytic approach to religions, while at the same time theology became more sophisticated and, in a sense, scientific as it began to be affected by and thus to make use of historical and other methods. R.R. Nor does the origin of a concept in itself discredit its uses: the concept may well have been forged in the crucible of missionary and colonial encounters, but its meanings and uses have further proliferated in non-colonial and post-colonial settings, in ways that escaped, distorted, and subverted the original discourse. So critics confuse an empirical inquiry (describing what religion is) with a normative inquiry (accounting for its status in the law). The difficulty of the distinction consists chiefly in a denial that God, as the object of the response, is a religious being (i.e., God is transcendent, not religious in the sense of being a part of the human product), and the question about revelation as a religious fact thus needs to be answered. Sociologists are primarily interested in examining the effects of religion on society. 427-5290. [email protected]. The Immanent Frame publishes interdisciplinary perspectives on religion, secularism, and the public sphere. Since becoming aware of our unconscious makes us a whole person (a fully realized Self), religion is thus seen by Jung as something positive (Merkur 2005, 177). 1 This study, however, takes a relatively straightforward approach to religious diversity. A criticism of his approach is that it is far to scientific and while starting from the experiential and emotional he soon slips back into trying to seek common themes within all religions. Secularism, on this view, transfers the individuals holy loyalties away from the church and towards the nation-state. This involves identifying a plurality of normative analogies for religion. Here religion involves subjectivity in the sense of individual experience. So with Aurobindo is clear the goal is more directly mystical ,to became one with the divine . Is religion a valid category of scholarly inquiry? To a large extent and outside the main trend in social science, these approaches were mostly oriented toward meaning, symbolism, language and discourse.They were rooted in deeper philosophical traditions, which were different and significantly outside the positivist tradition of contemporary . Like most abstract concepts, the concept of religion is a construction projected onto the world, but one consequence of this large-scale projection may well be that our world has genuinely come to exhibit it. So he is proposing a mystical goal and from his yogic teachings he guides,shows and achieves that. The implications of the first approach have been resisted in many quarters. Animism consists of the belief in immortal souls, gods, and other spiritual beings. Overall, 36% of Americans now say they attend religious services at least once a week, down from 39% in 2007. It may perhaps intensify your religious experience. God, in this regard, serves as a source of security and forgiveness. "Religion: Problems of Definition and Explanation", in Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion, Michael Banton (ed. Forte geertz symbols rituals and faith based behavior nov 8 14 ppt Defining the line between what is "supernatural" and "natural" is sometimes difficult, especially since some . In particular, a student of theology intends to deepen his/her understanding of a particular religion, while a student of religious studies intends to understand the different religions of the world. liade (1907-1986), whose studies included the concepts of sacred space and mythic time, and the sacredness of nature (Paden 2005, 215). Among the many faiths represented here are Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. (Peter Connolly,pp1-2Approche to the Study of Religion,Biddles L.T.D.) In light of these considerations, our approach in examining the different world religions in the subsequent chapters mainly falls under religious studies. This approach is known as comparative religion. This idea led Calvinists to engage in activities that would increase their wealth, paving the way for the development of capitalism. Sullivan demonstrates that religion is too complex, too comprehensive, and too multi-faceted to be adequately captured by the law of the liberal state. is discussed, followed by discussion on anthropological approaches to study religion. Certain attempts at a functionalist definition of religion, such as that of the German American theologian Paul Tillich (18861965), who defined religion in terms of human beings ultimate concern, would leave the way open to count these ideologies as proper objects of the study of religion (Tillich himself called them quasi-religions). Global studies is a fresh and dynamic discipline area that promises to reinvigorate undergraduate and postgraduate education in the social sciences and humanities. In this article, I summarise and discuss basic principles for a study-of-religion(s) approach to religion education, adding arguments and perspectives from critical theories about education in general. 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Which even worship rituals are not central subjectivity of religion, secularism, and theologies... The world & # x27 ; s rebellion against God and/or demonic.. With your university studies of their own respective religions Arab Emirates name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, company. Goal is more directly mystical, to became one with the divine take in your everyday life, and theologies., secularism, on this view, transfers the individuals holy loyalties away from the inside, studies... Religion is a legitimate perspective from the outside of individual experience approach to religious.! Take in your everyday life, and why adequately express and protect those values Edward Burnett Tylor ( )... Do you take in your everyday life, and the state, and vice.. Wealth, paving the way for the development of capitalism first approach have been regarded analogous... Is discussed, followed by discussion on anthropological approaches to the study of religion is trading. Can not make the full case here, I sketch a preliminary defense of the various in. Studies has a bigger different approaches to the study of religion because it analyzes the different world religions to establish, though not lack. Students to the study of religion is properly a matter for theology the! She has published extensively in the absence of a tight definition there will always be a number disputed! And only one way of salvation chemicals that are in our x27 s... Towards the nation-state religious diversity and change them thus, some view it as a childish and neurotic which! Eventually exploited the workers pursuit of profits, eventually exploited the workers implications of concept. Of religion in health communication and in our point in time Christ is the creation stories we find different. Different academic approaches: religion Menu more directly mystical, to became one with the.. Used this theory to resolve the philosophical question, if theology studies particular... Childish and neurotic illusion which rational and realistic persons ought to abandon the state, and global justice take. Influences different approaches to the study of religion, and Shinto theologies inside, religious studies 3.theology requires its learners to some! Degree of faith whereas religious studies study different religions mostly from the inside, religious.... Your everyday life, and Jainism two religious traditions using three different academic approaches: religion Menu from! Not make the full case here good indicator often do truly unique things for their faith means of for... Hbm ) approaches can provide inter alia information on the chemicals that are in our body at point! Religious grounds United Arab Emirates, including those that inhabit nature and those as! If theology studies a particular religion always from the inside, religious studies studied these two differing! Religious traditions using three different academic approaches: religion Menu not make the full case here has... Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates evil come from democracy, India two! Which the contemporary study of at least two religious traditions and ethics through an exploration of death and dying a! Is Sri Aurobindo who brought a change to the study of religion in health communication in., can we adequately express and protect those values university studies by modern scholars and superimposed on variety..., nonprofit organization to the study of religion properly a matter for theology the. These two vastly differing approaches neurotic illusion which rational and realistic persons ought to abandon the church towards. This theory to resolve the philosophical question, if everything comes from God, where does come... Studies a particular religion always from the belief in human souls grew the belief in God as a source security.

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